4种有机硅表面活性剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性与安全评价

为了评价新型有机硅表面活性剂对水生生物的影响,采用“半静态法”,分别研究了“速渗1号”(SUSHENYIHAO)、“好湿”(High-Speed)、“杰效利”(JIEXIAOU)及“捷润”(JIERUN)4种新型有机硅表面活性剂对斑马鱼的急性毒性,并进行了环境安全评价。急性毒性结果表明：“速渗1号”、“好湿”、“杰效利”及“捷润”对斑马鱼的【|C如值(96 h)分别为135．0,17．4,11．3和5．9 a．i．mg／L,即前3种有机硅表面活性对斑马鱼毒性表现为低毒,“捷润”为中毒。     

乌桕叶对鸡的急性毒性试验

为了解乌桕叶作为鸡饲料添加剂和防治鸡白痢的药物是否安全,采用乌桕叶灌注雏鸡嗉囊的方法进行了急性毒性试验.结果表明:1 d内对雏鸡每1 kg给生药最大药量320.1 g,雏鸡无明显中毒症状,无死亡.乌桕叶对鸡无毒,可作鸡饲料添加剂应用.     

Larvicidal and oviposition‐altering activity of monoterpenoids,trans‐anithole and rosemary oil to the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti L. is the major vector of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In an effort to find effective tools for control programs to reduce mosquito populations, the authors assessed the acute toxicities of 14 monoterpenoids, trans‐anithole and the essential oil of rosemary against different larval stages of Ae. aegypti. The potential for piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to act as a synergist for these compounds to increase larvicidal activity was also examined, and the oviposition response of gravid Ae. aegypti females to substrates containing these compounds was evaluated in behavioral bioassays. RESULTS: Pulegone, thymol, eugenol, trans‐anithole, rosemary oil and citronellal showed high larvicidal activity against all larval stages of Ae. aegypti (LC₅₀ values 10.3–40.8 mg L^?1). The addition of PBO significantly increased the larvicidal activity of all test compounds (3–250‐fold). Eugenol, citronellal, thymol, pulegone, rosemary oil and cymene showed oviposition deterrent and/or repellent activities, while the presence of borneol, camphor and β‐pinene increased the number of eggs laid in test containers. CONCLUSIONS: This study quantified the lethal and sublethal effects of several phytochemical compounds against all larval stages of Aedes aegypti, providing information that ultimately may have potential in mosquito control programs through acute toxicity and/or the ability to alter reproductive behaviors. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

40%毒死蜱乳油在桑园使用后对家蚕的影响评估

采用食下毒叶法测定及气相色谱分析,研究了40%毒死蜱乳油对家蚕的急性毒性、桑园使用后在桑叶中的残留消解动态及桑叶中残留农药对家蚕的急性毒性和亚致死效应。结果表明:按有效成分计,40%毒死蜱乳油对家蚕的急性毒性LC50值为0.82 mg／kg(桑叶),对家蚕为高毒;以推荐剂量(1 500倍稀释液)和1.5倍剂量(1 000倍稀释液)在桑园使用后,1.5倍剂量下40%毒死 蜱乳油在桑叶中的降解半衰期为1.82~3.88 d,第22 d时其在桑叶中的残留量为0.01~0.28 mg／kg; 推荐剂量下第18 d时的最终残留量为低于LOD~0.20 mg／kg。当桑叶染毒剂量为0.56 mg／kg时,对家蚕不会产生急性毒性危害,桑叶染毒剂量小于0.20 mg／kg时,与空白对照相比,处理组家蚕眠蚕体重、死笼率、全茧重、茧层率不存在明显差异。为防止施用毒死蜱乳油对家蚕产生危害,建议该农药在桑园中使用次数为1次、 喷雾使用1 500倍稀释液时,安全间隔期至少应为18 d。     

四种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估

采用饲喂管法和点滴法,分别测定了吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、啶虫脒4种原药及其制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的急性毒性,并采用危害商值(HQ)法进行了初级风险评价。结果表明:饲喂管法测得97.3%吡虫啉原药、25%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、96%噻虫嗪原药、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、97%噻虫胺原药、5%噻虫胺可湿性粉剂、96%啶虫脒原药及40%啶虫脒可溶性粉剂的经口毒性48 hLD50值分别为有效成分8.04×10-3、9.46×10-3、7.04×10-3、4.64×10-3、11.8×10-3、5.25×10-3、5.22和6.31μg/蜂;点滴法测得各药剂的接触毒性48 h-LD50值分别为有效成分2.46×10-2、1.33×10-2、3.63×10-2、9.27×10-3、1.52×10-2、2.21×10-2、5.82和5.07μg/蜂。按《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的毒性等级划分标准,啶虫脒原药及其可溶性粉剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为中等毒,其他6种药剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性均为高毒;根据危害商值(HQ),啶虫脒对蜜蜂为低风险,吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对蜜蜂均存在高风险。     

Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of the Essential Oil of Allium tuberosum Leaves and Its Selected Major Constituents Against Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The aim of this research was to evaluate acute toxicity of the essential oil of leaves of Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng (Asparagales: Alliaceae) and its major constituents against Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of the oil were sulfur-containing compounds, including allyl methyl trisulfide (36.24%), diallyl disulfide (27.26%), diallyl trisulfide (18.68%), and dimethyl trisulfide (9.23%). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves exhibited acute toxicity against Ap. lucorum with an LD₅₀ value of 20.03 μg per adult. Among the main compounds, diallyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 10.13 μg per adult) showed stronger acute toxicity than allyl methyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 21.10 μg per adult) and dimethyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 21.65 μg per adult). The LD₅₀ value of diallyl disulfide against Ap. lucorum was 28.10 μg per adult. The results indicated that the essential oil of A. tuberosum and its major constituents may have a potential to be developed as botanical insecticides against Ap. lucorum.     

Effect of relative humidity at either acute or chronic moderate temperature on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of relative humidity(RH) at either acute or chronic moderate ambient temperature(Ta) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites of broilers.Two experiments were conducted: effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on average daily feed intake(ADFI) and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at acute(1 d: 20–26 or 31–20°C,26 or 31°C for 6 h d–1 at 10:00–16:00) moderate Ta(experiment 1) and effect of RH(35,60 or 85%) on growth performance and droppings' corticosterone metabolites at chronic(step-wisely increasing temperature by 3°C every 3 d from 20 to 32°C within 15 d: 20–23–26–29–32°C) moderate Ta(experiment 2).Droppings were collected at the 2,4,6,8,and 22 h after Ta-RH controlled in experiment 1 and at the 2,4,6,and 22 h after Ta controlled to 32°C in experiment 2.The results showed that: 1) In experiment 1,85% RH increased(P0.05) the droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8,and 22 h and 35% RH increased(P0.05) it at the 2 and 22 h compared to the 60% RH.Moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) it compared to the 35% RH,however,no difference(P0.05) was found in ADFI among the three RH groups at acute moderate 26°C; 35 and 85% RH increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites at the 2,6,8 and 22 h and decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 60% RH,moreover,85% RH further increased(P0.05) droppings' corticosterone metabolites and further decreased(P0.05) ADFI compared to the 35% RH at acute moderate 31°C; and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period had a negative correlation(P0.02) with the ADFI.2) In experiment 2,85% RH increased(P0.01) droppings' corticosterone metabolites only at the 2 h and decreased(P0.02) ADFI and average daily gain(ADG) compared to the 60% RH,no difference(P0.05) in droppings' corticosterone metabolites was found between the 35 and 60% RH,however,35% RH decreased(P0.01) ADG compared to the 60% RH,and the average of droppings' corticosterone metabolites in the whole period also had a negative correlation(P0.02) with ADFI and ADG.In conclusion,droppings' corticosterone metabolites could be used as a RH stress index and low and high RH,especially high RH,reduced growth performance possibly through inducing RH stress at moderate temperature.     

邵先舫教授治疗急性痛风性关节炎经验

急性痛风性关节炎是临床常见病、多发病,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势。邵先舫教授认为该病主要病因病机为饮食不节、居处湿热,加之素体脾虚等,造成体内湿热蕴积,化生浊毒而诱发。临床治疗上应辨证施治,常以清热利湿解毒为主,疗效明显。     

桥接治疗急性缺血性脑卒中患者的血管再通率及远期神经功能恢复分析

目的 探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物（rtPA）静脉溶栓联合血管内介入治疗（即桥接治疗法）对急性缺血性脑卒中患者的治疗效果。方法 选取我院（2015年1月-2018年1月）收治的100例急性缺血性脑卒中患者进行回顾性分析,根据治疗方法分为观察组47例（桥接治疗法）、对照组53例（rtPA静脉溶栓疗法）,对比两组治疗后的血管再通率、神经功能恢复情况。结果 观察组前循环梗死血管（颈内动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉）再通率91.49%,对照组前循环梗死血管再通率50.94%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;观察组治疗14 d、治疗28 d、治疗3个月,神经功能缺损（NIHSS）评分均显著的低于对照组（P<0.01）;根据mRS标准,观察组的预后良好87.23%,对照组预后良好52.83%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;观察组的并发症发生率8.51%,对照组并发症发生率16.98%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 桥接治疗对缺血性脑卒中患者的效果优于rtPA静脉溶栓疗法,对于患者远期神经功能恢复具有显著效果。     

草甘膦对蚯蚓体内抗氧化酶和AChE酶活性的影响

蚯蚓是土壤健康的关键指示生物,为了更好地评价草甘膦对土壤无脊椎动物的影响,本研究采用土壤法测定草甘膦对蚯蚓的急性毒性;用不同浓度的草甘膦分别测定不同暴露时间下对蚯蚓超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽S转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果显示,土壤法测定草甘膦对蚯蚓的LC₅₀>1000 mg/kg;在草甘膦的影响下,随着暴露时间的延长,蚯蚓SOD酶活力有着先增高后下降的趋势,CAT酶活力呈现着先下降后升高的趋势,随着时间和浓度的增长POD酶活力在草甘膦的影响下有逐渐下降的趋势;相对于空白对照,处理组AChE酶活力在草甘膦暴露14 d时显著降低。研究结果将为合理评价和监测草甘膦造成的土壤污染水平提供科学依据。